It is a common misconception that cold weather itself causes illness. In reality, low temperatures do not directly lead to colds, influenza, or other viral infections.
People become ill only when they are infected with viruses such as the common cold or flu, which are transmitted from person to person, not by the weather alone. However, winter creates conditions that make it easier for these viruses to spread.
Cold, dry air weakens the body’s natural defences.
During winter, the air tends to be drier, which dries out the mucus lining in the nose and throat. These mucous membranes play a vital role in trapping germs before they enter the body. When they dry out, viruses can penetrate more easily, increasing susceptibility to infection.
The Ministry of Health (MoH) stresses the importance of preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection. These include frequent handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitiser, avoiding crowded places, ensuring good ventilation in enclosed spaces, avoiding close contact with people showing symptoms of illness, refraining from touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands and wearing masks in crowded areas.
Health indicators show that the flu season has begun earlier than usual this year. Countries such as Japan have reported a sharp increase in cases since October, while parts of the European Union, including Spain, have already reached epidemic levels in certain regions.
The MoH also urges high-risk groups to receive the annual flu vaccine, which remains the most effective method of prevention. The vaccine is safe, effective, and recommended for everyone aged six months and above.
It is best administered just before the start of the flu season to ensure optimal protection. Medical professionals note that respiratory illnesses spread more rapidly in winter as viruses thrive in colder conditions, particularly in crowded indoor spaces with limited ventilation. Children and the elderly remain the most vulnerable.
Experts further advise strengthening the immune system during winter by maintaining proper hydration. Drinking sufficient fluids helps keep the mucous membranes moist, reducing the likelihood of viral spread. A general guideline is to consume about 30 millilitres of fluids per kilogramme of body weight daily. For example, a person weighing 70 kilogrammes should drink at least 2.1 litres of fluids per day. Water and unsweetened hot beverages are the healthiest choices.
A balanced diet also plays a crucial role in supporting immunity. Adequate intake of micronutrients such as iron and zinc is essential, as these minerals support the function of T cells that help detect and fight viruses.
Foods rich in iron and zinc include oats, lentils, sesame seeds and pumpkin seeds. Regular outdoor activity, such as walking, also contributes to overall immune strength.
While winter invites warm clothing, hot drinks and cosy blankets, it also calls for increased vigilance. Staying warm, eating nutritious food, practising good hygiene, avoiding contact with infected individuals and staying well hydrated are simple yet effective steps to protect against seasonal viruses.
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