Here’s what to know about Trump’s tariffs

President Donald Trump on Saturday signed executive orders imposing sweeping tariffs on the country’s three largest trading partners, a move that risks unleashing a damaging trade war.

Trade wars were a feature of Trump’s first term in the White House, too. But his latest tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China, which are set to take effect at 12:01 a.m. Eastern time on Tuesday, significantly broaden the scale of disruptions. More than one-third of the goods and services imported to or bought from the United States are linked to the three countries, supporting tens of millions of American jobs.

Here’s what to know about the anticipated fallout from the tariffs:

How sweeping are the tariffs?

All goods imported from Canada and Mexico will be subject to a 25% tariff, except Canadian energy products, which will be hit with a 10% tariff, according to the executive orders. The orders also placed a 10% tariff on Chinese goods.

The auto and electric equipment sectors in Mexico are most exposed to disruption from sweeping tariffs, as is mineral processing in Canada, according to economists at S&P Global. In the United States, the largest risks are farming, fishing, metal, and auto production.

What should consumers expect?

U.S. companies will probably respond to tariffs in different ways. Some may try to pass the cost on to their customers by raising prices. Others may opt to eat the cost of the tariff. Companies may also try to force foreign suppliers to bear the burden by negotiating lower prices for their products.

But when Trump imposed tariffs on China during his first term, economic studies found that most of those costs were passed on to American consumers — a scenario that is likely to play out again. That could mean higher prices in grocery aisles, at car dealerships and the pump.

Roughly 60% of the oil that the United States imports comes from Canada. Tariffs on Canadian energy, though lower than for other imports, could still prompt an uptick in prices at the pump, especially in the Midwest, where refineries turn Canadian oil into fuels like gasoline and diesel.

There’s also concern about inflationary pressures across the board. Analysts at Goldman Sachs have said that if Trump proceeds with across-the-board tariffs, it would raise prices in the United States and slow economic growth. Most economists expect that fresh trade barriers could lead to a temporary burst of higher inflation.

How long might it take for prices to rise?

Consumers could see a swift uptick in prices for nondurable goods, including groceries. Most of the avocados in the United States are imported from Mexico, and they could become more expensive within a couple of weeks of the tariffs going into effect. Prices for cucumbers and tomatoes might spike, too. It could take longer for prices to rise for durable goods, like cars, thanks to existing inventory, or if companies expect the tariffs to be temporary.

“It could take a little while, but if these tariffs are there to stay, then these price increases are going to come eventually,” said Felix Tintelnot, an associate professor of economics at Duke University.

How has Trump justified his tariffs?

After taking office, Trump said he would impose tariffs on Canada and Mexico because the neighboring countries were allowing “mass numbers of people to come in and fentanyl to come in.” His arguments since Inauguration Day — that punishments are necessary to halt the flow of migrants and drugs into the United States — follow months of similar threats during his presidential campaign.

Trump issued the executive orders under a law called the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, expanding the scope of a national emergency that he declared on his first day in office concerning an “influx of illegal aliens and illicit drugs.”

Canada and Mexico have signaled possible retaliation. The Canadian government has made plans to target orange juice from Florida, whiskey from Tennessee, and peanut butter from Kentucky, while Mexico’s president, Claudia Sheinbaum, has said her country is prepared to respond with retaliatory tariffs.

“If the United States moves ahead, Canada’s ready with a forceful and immediate response,” Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada said Friday on social media.

Trump’s executive orders, however, aim to restrict the affected governments’ ability to fight back. The United States might ramp up its tariffs if the countries retaliate by imposing their import duties or taking other measures, according to a clause in the orders.

Have U.S. companies been preparing?

Before Trump’s announcement Saturday, U.S. companies did not appear to be making a concerted effort to rush in shipments from Mexico and Canada. But efforts to bring in goods before the tariffs probably contributed to an increase in the transportation of shipping containers across North America by rail in the first four weeks of the year compared with the same period in 2024.

Data before Saturday showed modestly higher freight volumes on road and rail. Transportation experts said that for rail and trucking companies, the situation differed from 2021 and 2022, when a deluge of imports overwhelmed supply chains, causing shipping costs to skyrocket and helping fuel a rapid acceleration of inflation.

This article originally appeared in The New York Times.