Russian President Vladimir Putin and Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian signed a comprehensive strategic partnership agreement on Friday during Pezeshkian's visit to Moscow.
The signing of the long-awaited agreement is expected to raise concerns in the West, which views both countries as malign influences on the global stage.
With the signing of the new treaty, both Russia and Iran are poised to cement their military and economic ties, a pact between two of the world's most heavily sanctioned nations that is likely to alarm the West.
Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin signed the agreement in Moscow later, just days before Donald Trump enters the White House.
The details of the document have not been released, but the Kremlin has said it will strengthen Tehran and Moscow's "military-political and trade-economic" relations.
Moscow has looked to the Islamic republic as a strategic ally since sending troops into Ukraine in February 2022, worrying Western officials who see both as malign actors on the world stage. The two leaders met earlier at the Kremlin, where both praised the new accord ahead of the signing.
"This will give us the opportunity to give additional momentum to almost all areas of cooperation," Putin told IRANian counterpart Masoud Pezeshkian, who replied that the text would become a "solid foundation" for relations.
Both presidents will give a joint press conference later, said the Kremlin.
Tehran has given little detail on the new treaty, but has ruled out a mutual defence clause like the one included in Moscow's pact with North Korea last year, Russian state media reported, citing Tehran's top diplomat Abbas Araghchi.
Iran has already supplied Russia with self-detonating "Shahed" drones that Moscow fires on Ukraine in nightly barrages, according to Ukrainian and Western officials. Both have ramped up their trade in response to Western sanctions.
The two sides had been working on a new treaty for years. Their current relationship is governed by a 2001 document they have renewed periodically.
Russia says its upcoming pact with Iran and the already-signed treaty with Pyongyang are "not directed against any country".
"The treaty ... is constructive in nature and is aimed at strengthening the capabilities of Russia, IRAN, and our friends in various parts of the world," Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said Tuesday.
It is set to be valid for 20 years, Russia's TASS news agency reported on Tuesday, citing the Iranian ambassador to Russia, Kazem Jalali.
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