Johannesburg - BRICS leaders announced on Thursday the "historic" admission of six new countries, as the bloc seeks to reshape the Western-led global order and expand its influence in an era of strategic competition.
BRICS -- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa -- agreed at their annual summit to make Argentina, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates full members from January 1.
"This membership expansion is historic," said Chinese President Xi Jinping, whose nation is the most powerful in the group of large and populous economies.
"The expansion is also a new starting point for BRICS cooperation. It will bring new vigour to the BRICS cooperation mechanism and further strengthen the force for world peace and development".
Beijing has campaigned to rapidly expand and strengthen the BRICS as a counterweight to US and Western dominance of world affairs, and the push to extend membership headlined the summit agenda in Johannesburg. Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed hailed what he called "a great moment" for his country, the second most populous in Africa.
"The benefits of Iran's membership to BRICS will make history, and open a new chapter and a stronger step towards fairness... and lasting peace on the international stage," said Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi. Egypt and the UAE also broadcast their readiness to work with the loosely defined group, which represents billions of people on four continents and a quarter of the world's wealth. While the announcement indicated all six countries would join, the Saudi response was non-committal, with Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan saying Riyadh was "awaiting details" about the invitation and would "take the appropriate decision".
- 'Fight for a new order' - BRICS makes decisions by consensus and agrees on the six nations after approving rules for admission during three days of bilateral talks and closed-door meetings.
Officials said months of pre-negotiations were needed to reach the breakthrough, though the exact criteria for entry or why these nations were selected from dozens of candidates has not been made public.
It paves the way for the future expansion of a disparate group of big and small economies that encompasses both the world's largest democracy and its largest authoritarian state.
More than 20 countries have formally applied to join and about the same number from non-Western nations across the so-called Global South have expressed interest. Some 50 world leaders attended the summit, underscoring what BRICS leaders say is the attractiveness of its message and growing relevance on the world stage.
BRICS has risen to prominence at a time of intense geopolitical rivalry and analysts foreshadowed that its 15th summit could be pivotal.
The United States played down the admission of six new members -- including arch-nemesis Iran since the 1979 Islamic revolution -- saying it would keep working with partners around the world. "The United States reiterates its belief that countries may choose the partners and groupings with whom they will associate," a State Department spokesperson said. US officials have played down the likelihood of BRICS emerging as a geopolitical rival, describing the bloc as a highly diverse grouping of both friends and rivals. "Our diversity strengthens the fight for a new international order," said Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, who supported Argentina's membership.
- 'Shot in the arm' - Michael Kugelman, director of the South Asia Institute at the Wilson Center, said the summit had given BRICS "a shot in the arm".
"In reality, BRICS does have something approximating a common vision, and that is providing alternatives to the West," he said. "I think it's a goal that's gained momentum amid greatly intensifying power competition." BRICS leaders championed its New Development Bank as a fairer lender for emerging markets than US-based institutions like the World Bank.
UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said an overhaul of the world's "outdated, dysfunctional and unfair global financial architecture" was necessary "but it won't happen overnight".
"In the absence of such reform, fragmentation is inevitable," he told leaders in Johannesburg.
Analysts said Brazil, South Africa and India would need to balance their proximity to China and Russia without alienating a strong trading partner in the United States.
The admission of oil-producing giants Iran, Saudi Arabia and UAE would boost the BRICS economic heft but some observers said Tehran's inclusion risked colouring the bloc with an anti-American hue.
The summit also underlined divisions with the West over the war in Ukraine.
South Africa, China and India have not condemned Russia's invasion, while Brazil has refused to join Western nations in sending arms to Ukraine or imposing sanctions on Moscow.
Russian President Vladimir Putin, who is the subject of an international arrest warrant, was the only leader not present in Johannesburg and addressed the summit via video link.
A brief look at the six countries that will be admitted in January 2024 to the club of large and populous emerging economies known as the BRICS:
Argentina has vast natural resources in energy and agriculture but Latin America's third largest economy is in turmoil. The inflation rate has soared above 100 per cent, and poverty levels have climbed up to 40 per cent for the country of 46 million people. Since January the cost of living had risen 32 percent by the end of April and 60 percent by the end of July. The government devalued the peso by 20 per cent earlier in August.
Ethiopia - Africa's second most populous country with some 123 million people according to the World Bank was one of the world's most dynamic economies in the 2010s.
But its growth was halted by the global pandemic, climate change, the two-year conflict in its northern Tigray region and Russia's war in Ukraine. The country remains poor with a per capita income of just a dollar, according to the World Bank. Traditionally non-aligned, Ethiopia maintains close ties with Russia and China -- its main trading partner -- but also with the United States.
Iran - Economic sanctions, oil price fluctuations and the global pandemic have all battered Iran's economy over the last decade and in recent years rampant inflation sparked by a collapsing currency has sparked protests. Iran has the world's second biggest reserves of gas, after Russia, and the fourth largest proved resources of oil. But US sanctions -- reimposed after the end of the accord with world powers on Tehran's nuclear programme in 2018 -- have isolated the country of 88 million inhabitants from the international financial system. The announcement of its new membership of the BRICS came amid intensified diplomacy to reduce its isolation and improve its economy, by strengthening ties with China and Russia and improving ties with its Arab neighbours.
- Saudi Arabia - Saudi Arabia is the Arab world's largest economy, and the top global oil exporter. The kingdom has embarked on a vast programme of economic and social reforms, as it seeks to wean itself off its economic dependence on fossil fuels. A G20 member, Saudi Arabia recorded an annual growth of 8.5 per cent in 2022. Its population is currently estimated at 32.2 million, with a majority of citizens under the age of 30.
- Egypt - The Arab world's most populous country with 105 million people, and a heavyweight diplomatic player on the Arab stage, import-dependent Egypt is grappling with a punishing economic crisis. In June annual inflation hit 36.8 percent according to official figures, an all-time high for the country. This follows a sharp currency devaluation connected to a bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund. The economic crisis has been worsened by Russia's invasion of Ukraine last year, which destabilised crucial grain imports.
- United Arab Emirates - The UAE is a federal state of seven emirates and 10 million people with the capital Abu Dhabi, and above all Dubai, home to the regional headquarters of thousands of companies. A top oil producer in OPEC, having diversified its economy over the decades, it relies less and less on oil, with revenues now making up only 30 per cent of its GDP in 2022. With close ties to Saudi Arabia and the US, it also maintains good ties with China and Russia and was the first Gulf country to normalise relations with Israel in 2020.
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