Just a few years ago, Facebook and Twitter were hailed as tools for democracy activists.
Today, the tables have turned as fears grow over how social media may have been manipulated to disrupt the US election, and over how authoritarian governments are using the networks to clamp down on dissent.
The latest revelations from Facebook and Twitter, which acknowledged that Russian-backed entities used their network to spread disinformation and sow political discord, have heightened concerns about the impact of social networks on democracy.
“Both services are ripe for abuse and manipulation by all sorts of problematic people, including hostile intelligence services,” says Andrew Weisburd, a non-resident fellow with the Alliance for Securing Democracy.
The Alliance, a project created this year to counter what it claims are efforts by Russia undermine democracy and democratic institutions, includes US and European researchers worried about Moscow’s efforts.
“What we have seen from the Kremlin in recent years is a direct by-product of what they have done to the Russian people in order to keep (President Vladimir) Putin and his cronies in power,” Weisburd said.
Researcher Tim Chambers writes in a paper for the left-leaning New Policy Institute that the proliferation of political “bots” or automated accounts to make topics go “viral” such as those employed in 2016 are dangerous for elections and democracy
“They fake petition signatures. They skew poll results and recommendation engines,” Chambers said.
Oxford University researchers said in a June report that social networks like Facebook and Twitter “have also become tools for social control” in many countries.
Governments employ large numbers of people “to generate content, direct opinion and engage with both foreign and domestic audiences,” said the report by the university’s Project on Computational Propaganda.
The researchers, who studied social media in 28 countries, concluded that “every authoritarian regime has social media campaigns targeting their own populations.”
In some countries, governments create “bots” which amplify some voices to create an artificial sense of popularity, the researchers said. Some regimes employ “cyber troops” or private contractors for this purpose.
In the United States, the disclosures by Facebook and Twitter fuelled concerns that disinformation campaigns, likely from Russian entities, sought to manipulate public opinion and polarise the electorate ahead of the November election.
Twitter shared data with congressional investigators about ads from Russia Today, a television group with links to the Moscow government and which has been accused by US intelligence services of meddling in the election.
Twitter said RT spent $274,000 in 2016 on ads on its site that may have been used to try to influence the US election.
Facebook also acknowledged foreign entities linked to Russia paid to promote political messages on the leading social network, potentially violating US election laws.
The Oxford researchers said in a report that the campaign to spread “junk news” during the 2016 presidential election via Twitter appeared to target key states which could sway the Electoral College results.
The researchers said that in the days leading up to the election, “Twitter users got more misinformation, polarising and conspiratorial content than professionally produced news.”
Emily Parker, a New America Foundation Future Tense fellow and author of the book, ‘Now I Know Who My Comrades Are: Voices From the Internet Underground’, cautions against idealising or demonising social networks. — AFP
Rob Lever
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